There was a very tense period between 1984 and 1988 when the telecommunications companies were aggressively trying to promote their own view of where high-performance networking technology should go. And that view was founded in a top-down command and control engineering model. Those of us who were in the research universities, who felt very strongly that the end-to-end, loosely-connected Internet technology was the way to go in order to build a more robust and scalable system really had to fight very hard.